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Writer's pictureDr. Rochelle Bernstein

Menopause: Back to the Basics

Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life that signifies the end of her reproductive years. However, the road to menopause often begins with perimenopause, a transitional phase characterized by irregular periods and hormonal fluctuations. Menopause is often accompanied by uncomfortable symptoms that can impact daily life. Understanding the various aspects of menopause, including mood changes, hot flashes, and genitourinary symptoms, and other lesser-known symptoms is crucial to managing this stage effectively.


One of the most common symptoms experienced during menopause is hot flashes, which manifest as sudden waves of intense heat, often accompanied by sweating and a rapid heartbeat. These episodes can disrupt daily life, causing discomfort and sleep disturbances. Menopause hormone therapy (MHT) remains the gold standard for treating hot flashes, although recent advancements have shed light on the intricate role of the hypothalamus, the body's internal thermostat, in regulating body temperature and triggering hot flashes. Veozah, which was recently FDA-approved to treat hot flashes, specifically targets the hypothalamus to modulate its activity. By addressing the underlying neurological mechanisms, innovative treatments like Veozah provide hope for more targeted and effective relief from this challenging menopausal symptom. Other non-hormonal treatment options include certain antidepressants and gabapentin. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) also may offer relief. Despite varied approaches, managing hot flashes often involves a tailored combination of medical and other interventions to provide effective relief.


The genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) encompasses a range of symptoms affecting the genital and urinary tract due to hormonal changes during menopause. Declining estrogen levels lead to vaginal dryness, irritation, and thinning of the vaginal walls, contributing to discomfort during intercourse and an increased risk of urinary tract infections. Additionally, changes in the urinary tract lining can lead to symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and incontinence. Treatment options for GSM aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. MHT (oral, transdermal, or vaginal) is often prescribed to restore vaginal moisture and elasticity. Non-hormonal treatments include vaginal moisturizers and lubricants to alleviate dryness and discomfort. Pelvic floor exercises and bladder training can help improve urinary symptoms. Low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy targets local tissues with minimal systemic absorption, which reduces potential risks associated with systemic estrogen use. Education and counseling also play crucial roles in managing GSM, empowering women to understand and address the changes occurring in their bodies during menopause.


Mood changes during menopause are a common yet often underestimated aspect of this transition. Fluctuating hormone levels, particularly estrogen, can influence neurotransmitters in the brain, affecting mood regulation. Many women experience mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and even depression during menopause. The hormonal shifts also can exacerbate existing mental health conditions or predispose women to develop new ones. Additionally, the psychosocial stressors associated with midlife changes, such as caregiving responsibilities, career transitions, and empty nest syndrome, can further impact mood. Recognizing and addressing these changes is essential. Counseling, support groups, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can provide coping strategies and emotional support. Lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques, can also help stabilize mood. In some cases, MHT or antidepressants may be considered. Understanding and addressing mood changes during menopause can significantly improve overall well-being and quality of life during this transitional phase.


In addition to the more widely recognized symptoms like hot flashes and mood changes, menopause can bring about other lesser known yet equally impactful symptoms. These can include cognitive changes such as memory lapses and difficulty concentrating, often referred to as "brain fog." Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or disrupted sleep patterns, also may arise, contributing to fatigue and irritability. Physical changes like joint pain, muscle stiffness, and increased susceptibility to skin dryness and thinning are also common. These diverse symptoms highlight the multifaceted nature of menopause and underscore the importance of comprehensive support and management strategies tailored to each woman's needs.


An integrated approach to managing menopause involves addressing the physical, emotional, and mental aspects of this life transition. Here are some strategies that women can incorporate into their menopausal journey:


  • Healthy Diet and Exercise: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, coupled with regular exercise, can help alleviate symptoms and promote overall well-being.

  • Stress Management: Techniques such as mindfulness, yoga, and meditation can be powerful tools in coping with stress and improving mental health during menopause.

  • Medications: Some women may benefit from menopause hormone therapy (MHT) and other drugs to manage specific menopausal symptoms. It is crucial to consult healthcare professionals before starting any new regimen.

  • Open Dialogue: Discussing menopause with friends, family, or a healthcare provider can provide emotional support and valuable information on navigating this phase of life.


By sharing individual experiences and insights, women can gain a deeper understanding of menopause and feel empowered to embrace this transformative stage. Menopausal mood swings can be better understood when women come together to share their stories and support one another through this shared experience.


In summary, menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life that can be met with grace and resilience. Women can navigate this transition with confidence and positivity. Remember, you are not alone on this journey, and there is a community of women ready to support and uplift one another through this transformative time.


Your well-being during menopause matters. If you are struggling with symptoms or need support, don't hesitate to make an appointment with a menopause healthcare specialist.


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